Assessment of Benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of Residential Indoor versus Outdoor Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposing Young Children in New York City

Vertically aligned silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were cost-effectively formed on a four-inch silicon wafer using a simple room temperature approach, i.e., metal-assisted electroless etching. Tapering the NWs by post-KOH dipping achieved separation of each NW from the bunched NW, resulting in a strong enhancement of broadband optical absorption. As electroless etching time increases, the optical crossover feature was observed in the tradeoff between enhanced light trapping (by graded-refractive index during initial tapering) and deteriorated reflectance (by decreasing the areal density of NWs during later tapering). Compared to the bunched SiNWs, tapered NW solar cells demonstrated superior photovoltaic characteristics, such as a short circuit current of 17.67 mA/cm² and a cell conversion efficiency of ~6.56% under 1.5 AM illumination.